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Some details were obviously wrong: one of the most striking features of strong interactions is their short-range nature, while a massless state produces long-range interactions. “At that point it became clear that the original model had a clear physical interpretation of hadrons being quantised strings. It took until 1973 for other theorists to prove this crucial link. But it was not apparent then that it had anything to do with strings, let alone quantum gravity. The paper was an instant hit, states Veneziano, because the model answered several questions at once. At the end of August 1968, I attended a conference in Vienna and found out, to my surprise, that the paper was already widely known and got mentioned in several summary talks.” “As soon as I had submitted the paper I went on vacation and did not think much about it. “The reaction of the physics community came to me as a shock,” explains Veneziano in an interview at CERN earlier this year. He was trying to explain the strong interaction, but his paper wound up marking the beginning of string theory. Witten has theorized that there are dualities which can connect the multiple theories through particle interactions.In the summer of 1968, while a visitor in CERN’s theory division, theoretical physicist Gabriele Veneziano wrote a paper titled “Construction of a crossing-symmetric, Regge behaved amplitude for linearly-rising trajectories”. In the 1990s, it was thought that these 5 types were separate and only one of them could be valid (whichever theory's energy limitations matched the physics on earth).

In the case of string theory, with our present understanding, there would be nothing more basic than the string.Įdward Witten has made massive contributions to physics throughout his life, including his introduction of M-theory, a theory that unifies all 5 current variations on string theory (The 5 variations being type I, type IIA, type IIB, SO(32) heterotic, and E8圎8 heterotic). And that's because you hear a pure tone rather than the higher overtones that you get from a piano or violin that give music its richness and beauty.Unity of the different forces and particles is achieved because they all come from different kinds of vibrations of the same basic string. If we listen to a tuning fork, it sounds harsh to the human ear. One of the basic things about a string is that it can vibrate in many different shapes or forms, which gives music its beauty. String theory is an attempt at a deeper description of nature by thinking of an elementary particle not as a little point but as a little loop of vibrating string. Witten, in an interview with NOVA, describes string theory as such. But currently, while it is not yet within our grasp to prove string theory through experimentation, theoretical physicists like Edward Witten continue to explore the theory's' possibilities. Beginning in the early 1900's with the unified theory, many have sought to expand the knowledge of our known universe.

There were many theories that led to the initial development of string theory in 1968. But string theory suggests that making up this seemingly indivisible subatomic particle are what appear to be strings, whose vibrating and ever-changing shapes and interactions through space make up all that we know. Up until string theory, that is where our knowledge ended. He explains how everything is made up of atoms, which are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons, which can be broken down further into quarks. In a 2005 TED talk, theoretical physicist Brian Greene explains this theoretical principle by breaking down our knowledge of matter. String theory exists in an attempt to join the ideas of Einstein's general theory of relativity with quantum mechanics, put together to apply quantum theory to gravity. But it was not until the emergence of superstring theory, or string theory, that an answer seemed possible.

This insurmountable task has been taken on by many over the last century or so. For decades, scientists have theorized about what lies beyond the third dimension and if there can exist a unified theory to explain all of the workings of the universe.